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Step-1 Genetic material is extracted from the alphavirus and can be manipulated on the molecular level.
Step-2 Genes encoding foreign disease targets or cancer antigens are substituted for the viral structural genes, capsid, and envelope, which are provided as separate components.
Step-3 The replicon and helper components of the viral genome are mixed with an FDA-approved mammalian cell line.
Step-4 The cells are electroporated to introduce the replicon and helper components into the cells where they multiply and form hundreds of new alphavaccine particles containing the foreign antigen.
Step-5 After 24 hours, the cells are treated to release the alphavaccine particles.
Step-6 Vaccine particles are purified, formulated, and vialed for use.
Step-7 When injected into the vaccine recipient, the unique property of the alphavaccine particles targets them to the lymph nodes.
Step-8 In the lymph node (shown in green), the vaccine particles infect dendritic cells—the most potent immune stimulating cells in the body—where the alphavaccine particles produce high levels of the vaccine antigen.
Step-9 The robust immune responses elicited by alphavaccines cover the humoral, cellular, and mucosal arms of the immune system.
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